The Formation of New Johore and the Implementation of the Kangchu System in the 19th Century

Title

The Formation of New Johore and the Implementation of the Kangchu System in the 19th Century

Author

Siew-Boon Lew

Page

127-172

DOI

10.6163/TJEAS.202512_22(2).0004

Abstract

The paper aims to explore the Kangchu system in Johore during 19th century. The Kangchu system is integral to understanding Chinese history, social dynamics, and economic evolution in Malaya. While previous studies have delved into aspects such as plantation deeds or individual Kangchu (river’s owner) actions, a comprehensive examination of the factors facilitating the Kangchu system’s establishment in Johore and its initial plantation ownership context has been lacking. This gap has resulted in incomplete discussions about the Kangchu system and the early phases of Johore’s development. This research utilizes Chinese and Western newspapers alongside the Surat Keterangan Membuka Kebun (SKMK) of the Johore Kangchu system as historical sources. The objective is to analyze the implementation of the Johore Kangchu system and the initial development of gambier and pepper plantations in the mid-19th century. The study aims to uncover how, in the 19th century, the Chinese contributed to forming the Johore-Singapore trading circle within an economic framework dominated by the Malay royal family. The article is structured into four sections. Firstly, it examines the causes and consequences of Johore’s opening. Subsequently, it delves into the functioning of the Kangchu system, exploring the contracts and laws sustaining Kangchu ownership. Finally, the article provides an overview of several Kangchu in the early days of Johor's plantation, shedding light on the specific development circumstances surrounding the implementation of the Kangchu system during that period.

Keyword

Johore, Kangchu System, Gambier, Pepper, Plantation

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